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From the time of Muhammad, the final prophet of Islam, many Muslim states and empires have been involved in warfare. The concept of Jihad, the religious duty to struggle, has long been associated with struggles for promoting a religion, although some observers refer to such struggle as "the lesser jihad" by comparison with inner spiritual striving.
Islamic military jurisprudence refers to what has been accepted in Sharia (Islamic law) and Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) by Ulama (Islamic scholars) as the correct Islamic manner, expected to be obeyed by Muslims, in times of war. Some scholars and Muslim religious figures describe armed struggle based on Islamic principles as the Lesser jihad.
Many observers—both Muslim [33] and non-Muslim [34] —as well as the Dictionary of Islam, [24] talk of jihad having two meanings: an inner spiritual struggle (the "greater jihad"), and an outer physical struggle against the enemies of Islam (the "lesser jihad") [24] [35] which may take a violent or non-violent form.
Charles Matthews writes that there is a "large debate about what the Quran commands as regards the "sword verses" and the "peace verses". According to Matthews, "the question of the proper prioritization of these verses, and how they should be understood in relation to one another, has been a central issue for Islamic thinking about war."
(Reuters) - Islamic Jihad, a Palestinian militant group that is an ally of Hamas and took part in the Oct. 7 attack on Israel from Gaza, has denied Israel's accusations that it was behind a strike ...
Arabia united under Muhammad (7th century CE) according to traditional accounts Islamic studies do not reveal a specific Islamic religious identity and political attitude with sharp boundaries for early period; [15] The Rāshidūn caliphs used Sasanian symbols (Star and crescent, Fire temple, depictions of the last emperor Khosrow II) by adding the Arabic bismillāh on their coins. [16]
Warfare in defense of the faith has also been part of Muslim history since the time of Muhammad, [9] with violence mentioned in Quranic revelations after their exile from Mecca. [15] In the 13th century, Salim Suwari, a philosopher in Islam, came up with a peaceful approach to Islam known as the Suwarian tradition. [1] [2]
In The Muslim World Book Review, 44:2 (2024, pp. 22-25) reviewer Abdullah Drury highly praised The Warrior Prophet as a "brilliant and robustly intellectual tome" and "an excellent piece of writing". He noted that the author "is highly critical of modern hagiography … and tears strips away from such texts with the skill of a butcher preparing ...