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Life chances (Lebenschancen in German) is a theory in sociology which refers to the opportunities each individual has to improve their quality of life. The concept was introduced by German sociologist Max Weber in the 1920s. [ 1 ]
This framework was introduced as a foundational assumption within the social sciences by Max Weber, and discussed in his book Economy and Society. [3] Within later schools of economic thought, such as the Austrian School, strict adherence to methodological individualism is considered a necessary starting principle.
Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, and social outlook that emphasizes the intrinsic worth of the individual. [1] [2] Individualists promote realizing one's goals and desires, valuing independence and self-reliance, and advocating that the interests of the individual should gain precedence over the state or a social group, while opposing external interference ...
In social science, agency is the capacity of individuals to have the power and resources to fulfill their potential. Social structure consists of those factors of influence (such as social class, religion, gender, ethnicity, ability, customs, etc.) that determine or limit agents and their decisions. [1]
Parsons organized social systems in terms of action units, where one action executed by an individual is one unit. He defines a social system as a network of interactions between actors. [ 4 ] According to Parsons, social systems rely on a system of language, and culture must exist in a society in order for it to qualify as a social system. [ 4 ]
in sociology and political theory, a process towards individualism (so in Hans T. Blokland, Georg Simmel, Ferdinand Tönnies) in recent sociology ( Ulrich Beck and Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim , Zygmunt Bauman ) the consequence of social changes in late modernity , in which individuals are increasingly required to construct their own lives.
Identity is an ongoing and dynamic process that impacts an individual's ability to navigate life's challenges and cultivate a fulfilling existence. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Within this process, occupation emerges as a significant factor that allows individuals to express and maintain their identity.
Individualistic cultures are characterized by individualism, which is the prioritization or emphasis of the individual over the entire group. In individualistic cultures, people are motivated by their own preference and viewpoints. Individualistic cultures focus on abstract thinking, privacy, self-dependence, uniqueness, and personal goals. [1]