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Winogradsky column showing Photoautotrophs in purple and green. Photoautotrophs are organisms that can utilize light energy from sunlight and elements (such as carbon) from inorganic compounds to produce organic materials needed to sustain their own metabolism (i.e. autotrophy).
Photosynthesis is the main means by which plants, algae and many bacteria produce organic compounds and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water (green arrow). An autotroph is an organism that can convert abiotic sources of energy into energy stored in organic compounds, which can be used by other organisms.
A black smoker vent in the Atlantic Ocean, providing energy and nutrients for chemotrophs. Chemoautotrophs are autotrophic organisms that can rely on chemosynthesis, i.e. deriving biological energy from chemical reactions of environmental inorganic substrates and synthesizing all necessary organic compounds from carbon dioxide.
For example, cyanobacteria and many purple sulfur bacteria can be photolithoautotrophic, using light for energy, H 2 O or sulfide as electron/hydrogen donors, and CO 2 as carbon source, whereas green non-sulfur bacteria can be photoorganoheterotrophic, using organic molecules as both electron/hydrogen donors and carbon sources.
For example, the polyhydroxybutyrate the bacteria produce can be used as a feedstock to produce biodegradable plastics in various eco-sustainable applications. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Solar Foods is a startup that has sought to commercialize knallgas bacteria for food production, using renewable energy to split hydrogen to grow a neutral-tasting, protein ...
A lithoautotroph is an organism that derives energy from reactions of reduced compounds of mineral (inorganic) origin. [1] Two types of lithoautotrophs are distinguished by their energy source; photolithoautotrophs derive their energy from light, while chemolithoautotrophs (chemolithotrophs or chemoautotrophs) derive their energy from chemical reactions. [1]
Obligate mixotrophy: To support growth and maintenance, an organism must utilize both heterotrophic and autotrophic means. Obligate autotrophy with facultative heterotrophy: Autotrophy alone is sufficient for growth and maintenance, but heterotrophy may be used as a supplementary strategy when autotrophic energy is not enough, for example, when ...
Organic matter produced by autotrophic bacteria is then used to support the upper trophic levels. The hydrothermal vent fluid and the surrounding ocean water is rich in elements such as iron , manganese and various species of sulfur including sulfide , sulfite , sulfate , elemental sulfur from which they can derive energy or nutrients. [ 9 ]