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The same pope excommunicated him again in 1239 for making war against the Papal States, a censure rescinded by the new pope, Celestine IV, who died soon after. Frederick was again excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV at the First Council of Lyons in 1245. Frederick repented just before his death and was absolved of the censure in 1250.
In cases where excommunication is reserved for the apostolic see, only the bishop of Rome (the pope) has the power to lift the excommunication. Before 1869, the church distinguished "major" and "minor" excommunication; a major excommunication was often marked by simply writing, "Let them be anathema" in council documents.
The Pope, claiming dominium mundi, struggled to maintain control over his capital. The situation escalated when, in 1157, at the Diet of Besançon , where the Pope's legate, Orlando Bandinelli (later Pope Alexander III), stated that "Rome is so well disposed towards Frederick that it would grant him even greater beneficia ".
Martin Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X in 1521. Excommunication can be either latae sententiae (automatic, incurred at the moment of committing the offense for which canon law imposes that penalty) or ferendae sententiae (incurred only when imposed by a legitimate superior or declared as the sentence of an ecclesiastical court). [11]
The right exercised by Byzantine (Byzantine Papacy) and Holy Roman emperors to confirm the election of a pope, which was last exercised in the Early Middle Ages, appears unrelated to the early modern legal claim of jus exclusivae by the Holy Roman Empire, France, and Spain. Pope Pius IV, in his bull In Elgidendis (1562), excluded formal support ...
In 1202 the Venetian siege of Zadar during the Fourth Crusade led Pope Innocent III to excommunicate the army. In 1284, Pope Martin IV imposed an interdict because of Venice's refusal to support a crusade against the Crown of Aragon. [3] Pope Clement V addressed escalating measures against Venice after the 1308 capture of Ferrara; [4] and later ...
VATICAN CITY (Reuters) -Italian Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigano, a fierce ultra-conservative critic of Pope Francis, has been found guilty of schism and excommunicated, the Vatican's doctrinal ...
On 14 November 1305, Bertrand was installed as pope which was celebrated with magnificence and attended by Philip IV. [6] Among his first acts was the creation of nine French cardinals. [7] At Clement's coronation, John II, Duke of Brittany was leading the Pope's horse through the crowd during the celebrations. So many spectators had piled atop ...