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Depending on the extent of injury, the cellular response may be adaptive and where possible, homeostasis is restored. [1] Cell death occurs when the severity of the injury exceeds the cell's ability to repair itself. [2] Cell death is relative to both the length of exposure to a harmful stimulus and the severity of the damage caused. [1]
Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, or trauma which result in the unregulated digestion of cell components. In contrast, apoptosis is a naturally occurring programmed and targeted cause of cellular death. While apoptosis often provides beneficial effects to the organism, necrosis is almost always ...
This impairs necessary blood flow and cuts off circulating oxygen, which can lead to tissue death and permanent damage to the brain, heart, arteries, and kidneys. This may occur as a result of chronic or poorly controlled hypertension, illicit drug use, or as a complication of pregnancy. [3]
Having killed over 3 million people in 2012, COPD was the third greatest cause of death. [57] Worse still, due to increasing smoking rates and the aging populations in many countries, the number of deaths as a result of COPD and other chronic lung diseases is predicted to continue increasing. [58]
An injury is any physiological damage to living tissue [1] caused by immediate physical stress. Injuries to humans can occur intentionally or unintentionally and may be caused by blunt trauma, penetrating trauma, burning, toxic exposure, asphyxiation, or overexertion.
Depending on the extent of injury, the cellular response may be adaptive and where possible, homeostasis is restored. [25] Cell death occurs when the severity of the injury exceeds the cell's ability to repair itself. [26] Cell death is relative to both the length of exposure to a harmful stimulus and the severity of the damage caused. [25]
The main reason for the acute phase of ischemia-reperfusion injury is oxygen deprivation and, therefore, arrest of generation of ATP (cellular energy currency) by mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation. Tissue damage due to the general energy deficit during ischemia is followed by reperfusion (increase of oxygen level) when the injury is enhanced.
Without exotic treatment such as bone marrow transplant, death with this dose is common, [3] due generally more to infection than gastrointestinal dysfunction. Neurovascular. This syndrome typically occurs at absorbed doses greater than 30 grays (3,000 rad), though it may occur at doses as low as 10 grays (1,000 rad). [3]