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Mucoperiosteum is a compound structure consisting of mucous membrane and underlying periosteum. It includes epithelium and lamina propria, but attaches directly to the periosteum of underlying bone without the usual submucosa. It consists of loose fatty or glandular tissues; with blood vessels & nerve fibres that supply the mucosa.
The periosteum is a membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones, [1] except at the articular surfaces (i.e. the parts within a joint space) of long bones. (At the joints of long bones the bone's outer surface is lined with "articular cartilage", a type of hyaline cartilage .)
[1] [21] [22] New bone formation under the periosteum can be detected by radiographs of long bones. [22] In order diagnose PDP, often other diseases must be excluded. For example, to exclude secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, any signs of cardiovascular , pulmonary , hepatic , intestinal and mediastinal diseases must be absent. [ 21 ]
Examples of periosteal reactive bone in selected specimens of Triceratops. A periosteal reaction can result from a large number of causes, including injury and chronic irritation due to a medical condition such as hypertrophic osteopathy, bone healing in response to fracture, chronic stress injuries, subperiosteal hematomas, osteomyelitis, and cancer of the bone.
This newly formed bone can be called "periosteal bone" as it originates from the transformed periosteum. However, considering its developmental pathway, it could be classified as "intramembranous bone". [8] After the formation of the periosteum, chondrocytes in the primary center of ossification begin to grow (hypertrophy).
The next layer is the galea Aponeurotica, which separates the underlying bone and the overlying layers. The large blood vessels and nerves of the scalp do not pierce this layer. [ 4 ] L oose connective tissue between the periosteum and the aponeurosis makes these two rigid structures easily slide over each other and contribute to skin movement.