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An alternative design is the controllable-pitch propeller (CPP, or CRP for controllable-reversible pitch), where the blades are rotated normally to the drive shaft by additional machinery – usually hydraulics – at the hub and control linkages running down the shaft. This allows the drive machinery to operate at a constant speed while the ...
1871 Planophore A Farman MF.11, showing the classic Farman configuration with engine between tail booms Buhl A-1 Autogyro, the first pusher autogyro The post-WWII Convair B-36 was unusual in its size, era, number of engines, and combining both propeller and jet propulsion, with six radial piston and four jet engines Typical of many UAVs, the General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper has a propeller at the ...
English inventor Francis Ronalds described what he called a propelling rudder in 1859 that combined the propulsion and steering mechanisms of a boat in a single apparatus. . The propeller was placed in a frame having an outer profile similar to a rudder and attached to a vertical shaft that allowed the device to rotate in plane while spin was transmitted to the propell
The Voith Schneider propeller was originally a design for a hydro-electric turbine. [2] Its Austrian inventor, Ernst Schneider, had a chance meeting on a train with a manager at Voith's subsidiary St. Pölten works; this led to the turbine being investigated by Voith's engineers, who discovered that although it was no more efficient than other water turbines, Schneider's design worked well as ...
A cleaver is a type of propeller design especially used for boat racing. Its leading edge is formed round, while the trailing edge is cut straight. It provides little bow lift, so that it can be used on boats that do not need much bow lift, for instance hydroplanes, that naturally have enough hydrodynamic bow lift.
A toroidal propeller is a type of propeller that is ring-shaped with each blade forming a closed loop. The propellers are significantly quieter at audible frequency ranges, between 20 Hz and 20 kHz, while generating comparable thrust to traditional propellers. In practice, toroidal propellers reduce noise pollution in both aviation and maritime ...
A ducted propeller, also known as a Kort nozzle, is a marine propeller fitted with a non-rotating nozzle. It is used to improve the efficiency of the propeller and is especially used on heavily loaded propellers or propellers with limited diameter. It was developed first by Luigi Stipa (1931) and later by Ludwig Kort (1934). The Kort nozzle is ...
The earliest known examples of "push-pull" engined-layout aircraft was the Short Tandem Twin.. An early pre-World War I example of a "push-pull" aircraft was the Caproni Ca.1 of 1914 which had two wing-mounted tractor propellers and one centre-mounted pusher propeller.