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An X-ray tube is a vacuum tube that converts electrical input power into X-rays. [1] The availability of this controllable source of X-rays created the field of radiography , the imaging of partly opaque objects with penetrating radiation .
The NOAEL is determined or proposed by qualified personnel, often a pharmacologist or a toxicologist. [citation needed] The NOAEL could be defined as "the highest experimental point that is without adverse effect," meaning that under laboratory conditions, it is the level where there are no side-effects. It either does not provide the effects ...
An illustration of the heel effect in an x-ray tube. In X-ray tubes, the heel effect or, more precisely, the anode heel effect is a variation of the intensity of X-rays emitted by the anode depending on the direction of emission along the anode-cathode axis. X-rays emitted toward the anode are less intense than those emitted perpendicular to ...
In early and basic X-ray equipment, the applied voltage varies cyclically, with one, two, or more pulses per mains AC power cycle. One standard way to measure pulsating DC is its peak amplitude, hence kVp. Most modern X-ray generators apply a constant potential across the X-ray tube; in such systems, the kVp and the steady-state kV are identical.
In conventional CT machines, an X-ray tube and detector are physically rotated behind a circular shroud (see the image above right). An alternative, short lived design, known as electron beam tomography (EBT), used electromagnetic deflection of an electron beam within a very large conical X-ray tube and a stationary array of detectors to achieve very high temporal resolution, for imaging of ...
The Duane–Hunt law, named after the American physicists William Duane and Franklin L. Hunt, [1] gives the maximum frequency of X-rays that can be emitted by Bremsstrahlung in an X-ray tube by accelerating electrons through an excitation voltage V into a metal target. The maximum frequency ν max is given by [2]
Can emit a small amount of X-ray radiation. Only emits non-ionizing radiation. [39] Emits strong radio frequency electromagnetic radiation [40] None, although control circuitry may emit radio interference Size Up to 43 in (1.1 m) [41] Up to 120 in (3.0 m) [42] Up to 150 in (3.8 m) [43] (152 in experimental) [44] Up to 97 in (2.5 m) [45] Maintenance
In general, an X-ray's beam intensity is not uniform. When it focuses to a target, a conical shape appears (divergent beam). The intensity of the beam from the positive anode side is lower than the intensity from the negative cathode side because the photons created when the electrons strike the target have a longer way to travel through the rotating target on the anode side.