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From Canaan, worship of Baʿal spread to Egypt by the Middle Kingdom and throughout the Mediterranean following the waves of Phoenician colonization in the early 1st millennium BCE. [29] He was described with diverse epithets, and before Ugarit was rediscovered, these were supposed to refer to distinct local gods.
According to Yehezkel Kaufmann, "Baal-berith and El-berith of Judges 9:4,46 is presumably YHWH", as "ba'al was an epithet of YHWH in earlier times". [ 4 ] Elsewhere, some of the Shechemites are called "men of Hamor"; [ 5 ] this is compared to "sons of Hamor", which in the ancient Middle East referred to people who had entered into a covenant ...
And they did so. [17] Gmirkin identified this as Arsinoe on the Gulf of Suez. A Ptolemaic-era geographical text at the Cairo Museum lists four border fortresses, the third being "Midgol and Baʿal Zaphon". In context, it appears to have been located on a route to the Red Sea coast, perhaps on the canal from Pithom to a location near Arsinoe. [18]
Thus, the kingdom of Saba' had Almaqah, the kingdom of Ma'in had Wadd, the kingdom of Qataban had 'Amm, and the kingdom of Hadhramaut had Sayin. Each people was termed the "children" of their respective patron deity. Patron deities played a vital role in sociopolitical terms, their cults serving as the focus of a person's cohesion and loyalty.
Worship of Baal and Yahweh coexisted in the early period of Israel's history, but they were considered irreconcilable after the 9th century BCE, following the efforts of King Ahab and his queen Jezebel to elevate Baal to the status of national god, [41] although the cult of Baal did continue for some time. [42]
Jeroboam's "sin" was creating two calves of gold, and sending one to Bethel as a worship site in the south of the Kingdom, and the other to Dan as a worship site in the north, so that the people of the northern kingdom would not have to continue to go to Jerusalem to worship (see 1 Kings 12:26–30).
The main characters of the Baal Cycle are as follows: [3] Baal, the storm god and protagonist, whose abode is on the Syrian mountain Mount Zaphon; Yam, the sea god and primary antagonist of Baal in the first two tablets of the Baal Cycle; Mot, the underworld god and primary antagonist of Baal in the last two tablets; Anat, sister and major ally ...
One of the tablets of the Baal Cycle. Louvre. In the Baal Cycle (KTU 1.1-1.6 [43]) Yam is portrayed as one of the enemies of the eponymous god, Baal. [44] He is his main rival in the struggle for the status of king of the gods. [45]