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When a non-scalar quaternion is viewed as the quotient of two vectors, then the axis of the quaternion is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of the two vectors in this original quotient, in a direction specified by the right hand rule. [59] The angle is the angle between the two vectors. In symbols, =.
Angular distance or angular separation is the measure of the angle between the orientation of two straight lines, rays, or vectors in three-dimensional space, or the central angle subtended by the radii through two points on a sphere.
In physics, the dot product takes two vectors and returns a scalar quantity. It is also known as the "scalar product". The dot product of two vectors can be defined as the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors and the cosine of the angle between the two vectors.
To produce accurate principal vectors in computer arithmetic for the full range of the principal angles, the combined technique [10] first compute all principal angles and vectors using the classical cosine-based approach, and then recomputes the principal angles smaller than π /4 and the corresponding principal vectors using the sine-based ...
In Euclidean geometry, an angle or plane angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle. [1] Two intersecting curves may also define an angle, which is the angle of the rays lying tangent to the respective curves at their point of intersection.
The scalar projection is defined as [2] = ‖ ‖ = ^ where the operator ⋅ denotes a dot product, ‖a‖ is the length of a, and θ is the angle between a and b. The scalar projection is equal in absolute value to the length of the vector projection, with a minus sign if the direction of the projection is opposite to the direction of b ...
the distance between the two lines is the distance between the two intersection points of these lines with the perpendicular line y = − x / m . {\displaystyle y=-x/m\,.} This distance can be found by first solving the linear systems
Parallel transport of a vector around a closed loop (from A to N to B and back to A) on the sphere. The angle by which it twists, , is proportional to the area inside the loop. In differential geometry, parallel transport (or parallel translation [a]) is a way of transporting geometrical data along smooth curves in a manifold.