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This means that while carcinogens are capable of causing cancer, it does not take their risk into account, which is the probability of causing a cancer, given the level of exposure to this carcinogen. [2]
The central role of DNA damage and epigenetic defects in DNA repair genes in carcinogenesis. DNA damage is considered to be the primary cause of cancer. [17] More than 60,000 new naturally-occurring instances of DNA damage arise, on average, per human cell, per day, due to endogenous cellular processes (see article DNA damage (naturally occurring)).
Alcohol is an example of a chemical carcinogen. The World Health Organization has classified alcohol as a Group 1 carcinogen. [37] In Western Europe 10% of cancers in males and 3% of cancers in females are attributed to alcohol. [38] Worldwide, 3.6% of all cancer cases and 3.5% of cancer deaths are attributable to alcohol. [39]
A carcinogen (/ k ɑːr ˈ s ɪ n ə dʒ ən /) is any agent that promotes the development of cancer. [1] Carcinogens can include synthetic chemicals, naturally occurring substances, physical agents such as ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, and biologic agents such as viruses and bacteria. [2]
The first type of carcinogen is the physical type which can be ultraviolet and ionizing radiation. The second type of carcinogens is defined as asbestos, tobacco smoke, alcohol, aflatoxin, and arsenic. The third type of carcinogen is biological which highlights infections that can be caused from viruses, bacteria, or parasites. [2]
The analysis, published in the journal Frontiers in Toxicology, builds upon research published earlier this year, which identified more than 900 chemicals as being potential mammory carcinogens ...
Examples of activation-independent carcinogens include ultraviolet light, ionizing radiation and alkylating agents. [21] The time from exposure to a carcinogen to the development of cancer is known as the latency period. For most solid tumors in humans the latency period is between 10 and 40 years depending on cancer type. [22]
[2] [3] Cancer risk can occur even with light to moderate drinking. [4] [5] The more alcohol is consumed, the higher the cancer risk, [6] and no amount can be considered completely safe. [7] Alcoholic beverages were classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1988. [3]