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A decrease in pain or apprehension or an increase in range of motion is a positive sign for anterior instability. [1] [2] [3] Anterior pain may be caused by laxity in anterior ligaments or capsular structures or a tear of the labrum. Posterior pain may be caused from internal impingement of the posterior capsular or labrum. [2]
The tests differ in the rotation of the arm; in the empty can test, the arm is rotated to full internal rotation (thumb down) and in the full can test, the arm is rotated to 45° external rotation, thumb up. [1] Once rotated, the clinician pushes down on either the wrists or the elbow, and the patient is instructed to resist the downward pressure.
The Apley scratch test specifically tests range of motion and in a normal exam, an individual should be able to reach C7 on external rotation, and T7 on internal rotation. Evaluation of distal pulses; Strength testing: wrist extension tests the radial nerve, finger abduction tests the ulnar nerve, and thumb apposition tests the median nerve.
The Hawkins–Kennedy Test is a test used in the evaluation of orthopedic shoulder injury. It was first described in the 1980s by Canadians R. Hawkins and J. Kennedy, and a positive test is most likely indicative of damage to the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle .
The McMurray test is named after Thomas Porter McMurray, [2] a British orthopedic surgeon from the late nineteenth and early twentieth century who was the first to describe this test. The description of the test has since been altered from the original by various authors. [3] Most commonly, varus and valgus stress to the knee is added. These ...
The Neer impingement test is a test designed to reproduce symptoms of rotator cuff impingement through flexing the shoulder and pressure application. Symptoms should be reproduced if there is a problem with the supraspinatus or biceps brachii. [1] This test is also associated with the Hawkins-Kennedy Test and Jobe's Test. [2]
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Allis test; Apley grind test; Apley scratch test; Barlow's maneuver; Clarke's test; Cozen's test; Cotton test; Durkan's test; Finkelstein's test; Froment's sign; Jobe's test; Kapandji score; Gaenslen's test; Galeazzi test; Gerber's test; Hawkins–Kennedy test; Hubscher's maneuver; Lachman test; Lasègue's sign; McMurray test; Mulder's sign ...