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Privilege rings for the x86 available in protected mode. In computer science, hierarchical protection domains, [1] [2] often called protection rings, are mechanisms to protect data and functionality from faults (by improving fault tolerance) and malicious behavior (by providing computer security).
Example of privilege ring usage in an operating system using all rings. In protected mode, there are four privilege levels or rings, numbered from 0 to 3, with ring 0 being the most privileged and 3 being the least. The use of rings allows for system software to restrict tasks from accessing data, call gates or executing privileged instructions ...
Move from general register to x86 debug register. [k] On Pentium and later processors, moves to the DR0-DR7 debug registers are serializing. MOV reg,TRx: 0F 24 /r [j] Move from x86 test register to general register. [n] MOV TRx,reg: 0F 26 /r [j] Move from general register to x86 test register. [n] ICEBP, INT01, INT1 [o] F1: In-circuit emulation ...
System Management Mode (SMM, sometimes called ring −2 in reference to protection rings) [1] [2] is an operating mode of x86 central processor units (CPUs) in which all normal execution, including the operating system, is suspended.
Intel's second generation of 32-bit x86 processors, introduced built-in floating point unit (FPU), 8 KB on-chip L1 cache, and pipelining. Faster per MHz than the 386. Small number of new instructions. P5 original Pentium microprocessors, first x86 processor with super-scalar architecture and branch prediction. P6
The ME is colloquially categorized as ring −3, below System Management Mode (ring −2) and the hypervisor (ring −1), all running at a higher privilege level than the kernel (ring 0). The Intel Management Engine (ME), also known as the Intel Manageability Engine, [1] [2] is an autonomous subsystem that has been incorporated in virtually all ...
Intel Software Guard Extensions (SGX) is a set of instruction codes implementing trusted execution environment that are built into some Intel central processing units (CPUs). They allow user-level and operating system code to define protected private regions of memory, called enclaves .
Multics was the first user of call gates. The Honeywell 6180 had call gates as part of the architecture, but Multics simulated them on the older GE 645.. OS/2 was an early user of Intel call gates to transfer between application code running in ring 3, privileged code running in ring 2, and kernel code in ring 0.