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The viceroy (Limenitis archippus) is a North American butterfly.It was long thought to be a Batesian mimic of the monarch butterfly, but since the viceroy is also distasteful to predators, it is now considered a Müllerian mimic instead.
Viceroy butterflies and monarchs (types of admiral butterfly) are both poisonous Müllerian mimics, though they were long thought to be Batesian. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of admiral butterflies shows that the viceroy is the basal lineage of two western sister species in North America. The variation in wing patterns appears to have preceded ...
Equivalent to Batesian mimicry within a single species, it occurs when there is a palatability spectrum within a population of harmful prey. For example, monarch ( Danaus plexippus ) caterpillars feed on milkweed species of varying toxicity.
In Müllerian mimicry, two or more aposematic forms share the same warning signals, [27] [35] as in viceroy and monarch butterflies. Birds avoid eating both species because their wing patterns honestly signal their unpleasant taste. [28] The porcupine Erethizon dorsatum combines sharp spines with warning coloration
The mimic may resemble the prey or host itself, or another organism that does not threaten the prey or host. [68] Several spiders use aggressive mimicry to lure prey. [69] Species such as the silver argiope (Argiope argentata) employ prominent patterns in the middle of their webs
The hooded pitohui.The neurotoxin homobatrachotoxin on the birds' skin and feathers causes numbness and tingling on contact.. The following is a list of poisonous animals, which are animals that passively deliver toxins (called poison) to their victims upon contact such as through inhalation, absorption through the skin, or after being ingested.
Birds of prey or predatory birds, also known as (although not the same as) raptors, are hypercarnivorous bird species that actively hunt and feed on other vertebrates (mainly mammals, reptiles and other smaller birds).
Several species of birds have acquired methods that allow them to ingest monarchs without experiencing the ill effects associated with the cardiac glycosides (cardenolides). The black-backed oriole can eat the monarch through an exaptation of its feeding behavior that gives it the ability to identify cardenolides by taste and reject them. [117]