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Hepatitis E due to genotypes other than 1 and 2 is thought to be a zoonosis, in that animals are thought to be the primary reservoir; deer and swine have frequently been implicated. [61] Domestic animals have been reported as a reservoir for the hepatitis E virus, with some surveys showing infection rates exceeding 95% among domestic pigs. [62]
In 2016, the WHO recorded 56.7 million deaths [3] with the leading cause of death as cardiovascular disease causing more than 17 million deaths (about 31% of the total) as shown in the chart to the side. In 2021, there were approx. 68 million deaths worldwide, as per WHO report.
Human infectious diseases may be characterized by their case fatality rate (CFR), the proportion of people diagnosed with a disease who die from it (cf. mortality rate).It should not be confused with the infection fatality rate (IFR), the estimated proportion of people infected by a disease-causing agent, including asymptomatic and undiagnosed infections, who die from the disease.
Hepatitis E is caused by the Hepatitis E virus (HEV), from the family Hepeviridae. It produces symptoms similar to hepatitis A , although it can take a fulminant course in some patients, particularly pregnant women (mortality rate about 20%); chronic infections may occur in immune-compromised patients.
It affects predominantly young adults, causing acute hepatitis. [17] [134] In infected pregnant women, Hepatitis E infection can lead to fulminant hepatitis with third trimester mortality rates as high as 30%. [106] [134] Those with weakened immune systems, such as organ transplant recipients, are also susceptible. [134]
CENTER TWP. ― A Hepatitis A outbreak traced to a Beaver County restaurant 20 years ago may have led to many of the national food safety guidelines implemented in the last several years.
Acute hyperbilirubinemia is found in >70% of hepatitis E patients but chronic infection is scarce. [16] The transmission routes of hepatic viruses A and E are oral-faecal while that of hepatic viruses B, C and D are parenteral. [6] [15] [16] In general, conditions that increase risk of contracting hepatitis viruses infections include [3] [17]
Hepatitis B: According to the World Health Organization, as of 2019 there are about 296 million people living with chronic hepatitis B, with 1.5 million new infections each year. In 2019, hepatitis B caused about 820,000 deaths, mostly from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (primary liver cancer ). [ 23 ]