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The equations and their solutions are applicable from 0 Hz (i.e. direct current) to frequencies at which the transmission line structure can support higher order non-TEM modes. [2]: 282–286 The equations can be expressed in both the time domain and the frequency domain. In the time domain the independent variables are distance and time.
A pendulum with a period of 2.8 s and a frequency of 0.36 Hz. For cyclical phenomena such as oscillations, waves, or for examples of simple harmonic motion, the term frequency is defined as the number of cycles or repetitions per unit of time.
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal nĚ‚, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
The electrical length of an antenna, like a transmission line, is its length in wavelengths of the current on the antenna at the operating frequency. [ 1 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 4 ] : p.91–104 An antenna's resonant frequency , radiation pattern , and driving point impedance depend not on its physical length but on its electrical length. [ 14 ]
In free space the intensity of electromagnetic radiation decreases with distance by the inverse square law, because the same amount of power spreads over an area proportional to the square of distance from the source. The free-space loss increases with the distance between the antennas and decreases with the wavelength of the radio waves due to ...
The simplest set of solutions to the wave equation result from assuming sinusoidal waveforms of a single frequency in separable form: (,) = {()} where i is the imaginary unit, ω = 2π f is the angular frequency in radians per second,
The characteristic impedance () of an infinite transmission line at a given angular frequency is the ratio of the voltage and current of a pure sinusoidal wave of the same frequency travelling along the line. This relation is also the case for finite transmission lines until the wave reaches the end of the line.
Diagram illustrating the relationship between the wavenumber and the other properties of harmonic waves. In the physical sciences, the wavenumber (or wave number), also known as repetency, [1] is the spatial frequency of a wave, measured in cycles per unit distance (ordinary wavenumber) or radians per unit distance (angular wavenumber).