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Outcome switching also occurs frequently in follow-up studies. [6] In an analysis of oncology trials, outcome switching was more common in studies with a male first author, and in studies funded by non-profits. [7] One study analysed outcome switching in five top medical journals, writing letters for each misreported trial outcome.
Outcomes measures should be relevant to the target of the intervention (be it a single person or a target population). [2] Depending on the design of a trial, outcome measures can be either primary outcomes, in which case the trial is designed around finding an adequate study size (through proper randomization and power calculation). [1]
Secondary endpoints are additional endpoints, preferably also pre-specified, for which the trial may not be powered. Surrogate endpoints are trial endpoints that have outcomes that substitute for a clinical endpoint, often because studying the clinical endpoint is difficult, for example using an increase in blood pressure as a surrogate for ...
Primary and secondary appraisals were assessed using different subscales. This study found that there is a functional relationship among appraisal and coping and the outcomes of stressful situations. There were significant positive correlations between primary appraisal and coping.
A correlate does not make a surrogate. It is a common misconception that if an outcome is a correlate (that is, correlated with the true clinical outcome) it can be used as a valid surrogate endpoint (that is, a replacement for the true clinical outcome).
Secondary gain can also be a component of any disease, but is an external motivator. If a patient's disease allows them to miss work, avoid military duty, obtain financial compensation, obtain drugs , avoid a jail sentence, etc., these would be examples of a secondary gain.
Former national security adviser H.R. McMaster argued that the ongoing conflict in Gaza will continue and life for Palestinians cannot improve “until Hamas is destroyed.” McMaster joined ...
AP exams (with few exceptions [1]) have a multiple-choice section and a free-response section. AP Studio Art requires students to submit a portfolio for review. AP Computer Science Principles requires students to complete the Create task, which is part of the AP grade for the class. AP exams were taken by subject in 2013.