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Outcome switching also occurs frequently in follow-up studies. [6] In an analysis of oncology trials, outcome switching was more common in studies with a male first author, and in studies funded by non-profits. [7] One study analysed outcome switching in five top medical journals, writing letters for each misreported trial outcome.
Outcomes measures should be relevant to the target of the intervention (be it a single person or a target population). [2] Depending on the design of a trial, outcome measures can be either primary outcomes, in which case the trial is designed around finding an adequate study size (through proper randomization and power calculation). [1]
In philosophy of science, typical examples of "unobservables" are the force of gravity, causation and beliefs or desires. [1]: 7 [2] The distinction between observable and unobservable plays a central role in Immanuel Kant's distinction between noumena and phenomena as well as in John Locke's distinction between primary and secondary qualities ...
The primary–secondary quality distinction is a conceptual distinction in epistemology and metaphysics, concerning the nature of reality. It is most explicitly articulated by John Locke in his Essay concerning Human Understanding , but earlier thinkers such as Galileo and Descartes made similar distinctions.
Primary and secondary appraisals were assessed using different subscales. This study found that there is a functional relationship among appraisal and coping and the outcomes of stressful situations. There were significant positive correlations between primary appraisal and coping.
Secondary endpoints are additional endpoints, preferably also pre-specified, for which the trial may not be powered. Surrogate endpoints are trial endpoints that have outcomes that substitute for a clinical endpoint, often because studying the clinical endpoint is difficult, for example using an increase in blood pressure as a surrogate for ...
Advanced Placement (AP) examinations are exams offered in United States by the College Board and are taken each May by students. The tests are the culmination of year-long Advanced Placement (AP) courses, which are typically offered at the high school level. AP exams (with few exceptions [1]) have a multiple-choice section and a free-response ...
The Goals, Plans, Action theory includes the following concepts: the individual has at least one of seven primary goals along with one of five secondary goals, and plans are both thoughtful and actionable. The Goals, Plans, Action theory declares that individuals knowingly act in order to accomplish a certain outcome.