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Chaturaji (meaning "four kings") is a four-player chess-like game. It was first described in detail c. 1030 by Al-Biruni in his book India . [ 1 ] Originally, this was a game of chance: the pieces to be moved were decided by rolling two dice.
The Taḥqīq mā li-l-hind min maqūlah maqbūlah fī al-ʿaql aw mardhūlah (c. 1030) of al-Biruni, an encyclopedia of Indian culture, contains a description of chaturaji, a four-player chess-like game played with dice, which al-Biruni claims was unknown among the Arabs of his time. Either a four-sided rectangular die or a six-sided cubic die ...
This is reminiscent of the aforementioned chaturaji, where the elephant moves as a rook. The German historian Johannes Kohtz (1843–1918) suggests, rather, that this was the earliest move of the Ratha. Ashva (horse): moves the same as a knight in chess.
[6] [7] In Forbes's explanation, the four-handed dice version is called Chaturanga, and Forbes insists that Chaturaji is a misnomer that actually refers to a victory condition in the game akin to checkmate. In his 1860 account, the players in opposite corners are allies against the other team of two.
c. 1030 – Al-Biruni's India describes the game of chaturaji. 1148 – Kalhana's Rajatarangini (translated by MA Stein, 1900) The King, though he had taken two kings (Lothana and Vigraharaja) was helpless and perplexed about the attack on the remaining one, just as a player of chess (who has taken two Kings and is perplexed about taking a third).
Chaturaji: Four-handed version of chaturanga, played with dice. Chaturanga: An ancient East Indian game, presumed to be the common ancestor of chess and other national chess-related games. Courier chess: Played in Europe from 13th to 19th century. Probably was one step in evolving modern chess out of shatranj.
The 12th-century Lewis chessmen in the collection of the National Museum of Scotland. The history of chess can be traced back nearly 1,500 years to its earliest known predecessor, called chaturanga, in India; its prehistory is the subject of speculation.
Enochian chess is a four-player chess variant, similar to chaturaji, associated with the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.The name comes from the Enochian system of magic of Dr. John Dee (magus and astrologer to Elizabeth I), which was later adapted by Victorian members of the Golden Dawn into "a complete system of training and initiation".