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Cardiac markers are used for the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with chest pain and suspected acute coronary syndrome and for management and prognosis in patients with diseases like acute heart failure. Most of the early markers identified were enzymes, and as a result, the term "cardiac enzymes" is sometimes used. However, not ...
Now, the markers most widely used in detection of MI are MB subtype of the enzyme creatine kinase and cardiac troponins T and I as they are more specific for myocardial injury. The cardiac troponins T and I which are released within 4–6 hours of an attack of MI and remain elevated for up to 2 weeks, have nearly complete tissue specificity and ...
The CPK-MB test (creatine phosphokinase-MB), also known as CK-MB test, is a cardiac marker [3] used to assist diagnoses of an acute myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, or myocarditis. It measures the blood level of CK-MB (creatine kinase myocardial band), the bound combination of two variants (isoenzymes CKM and CKB ) of the enzyme ...
A person who recently had a myocardial infarction has areas of damaged heart muscle and elevated cardiac troponin levels in the blood. [15] This can also occur in people with coronary vasospasm, a type of myocardial infarction involving severe constriction of the cardiac blood vessels. After a myocardial infarction troponins may remain high for ...
An anginal equivalent is a symptom such as shortness of breath , diaphoresis (sweating), extreme fatigue, or pain at a site other than the chest, occurring in a patient at high cardiac risk. Anginal equivalents are considered to be symptoms of myocardial ischemia .
Treatment aims to preserve as much heart muscle as possible, and to prevent further complications. [28] Treatment depends on whether the myocardial infarction is a STEMI or NSTEMI. [72] Treatment in general aims to unblock blood vessels, reduce blood clot enlargement, reduce ischemia, and modify risk factors with the aim of preventing future ...
Cardiac Enzymes - elevated troponin and brain natriuretic peptide may indicate stress on the heart [3] Pregnancy Test - pre-eclampsia in pregnancy can cause dangerously high blood pressure [3] Lactate - rising lactate in the blood indicates that areas of the body are not getting enough oxygen [11]
Antihypertensive agents comprise multiple classes of compounds that are intended to manage hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy aims to maintain a blood pressure goal of <140/90 mmHg in all patients, as well as to prevent the progression or recurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in hypertensive patients with established CVD. [2]