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The penny is inscribed GEORGIUS IV DEI GRATIA [g] and the date, while the reverse shows a right-facing seated Britannia with a shield and trident, inscribed BRITANNIAR REX FID DEF. [h] The penny at this time weighed 18.8 grams and had a diameter of 34 millimetres, the same as Boulton's 1806–1807 pennies. [18]
The reverse, which featured an image of Britannia seated with shield, trident, and helm, was created by Leonard Charles Wyon based on an earlier design by his father, William Wyon. The coins were also used in British colonies and dominions that had not issued their own coins.
The British decimal one penny (1p) coin is a unit of currency and denomination of sterling coinage worth 1 ⁄ 100 of one pound.Its obverse featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II since the coin's introduction on 15 February 1971, the day British currency was decimalised, until her death on 8 September 2022.
The weight of the English penny was fixed at 22 + 1 ⁄ 2 troy grains (about 1.46 grams) by Offa of Mercia, an 8th-century contemporary of Charlemagne; 240 pennies weighed 5,400 grains or a tower pound (different from the troy pound of 5,760 grains). The silver penny was the only coin minted for 500 years, from c. 780 to 1280.
Post-decimalisation British coins. Name Value Notes Half penny 1 / 2 p Sometimes written "ha'penny" (pronounced / ˈ h eɪ p n i / HAYP-nee), but normally called a "half-pee"; demonetised and withdrawn from circulation in December 1984. One penny: 1p Two pence: 2p Five pence: 5p A direct replacement for the shilling.
English Copper, Tin and Bronze Coins in the British Museum 1558–1958. Trustees of the British Museum. OCLC 906173180. Seaby, Peter (1985). The Story of British Coinage. B. A. Seaby Ltd. ISBN 978-0-900652-74-5. Spink & Son Ltd (2022). Howard, Emma (ed.). Coins of England and the United Kingdom, Decimal Issues 2023 (9th ed.).
Penny is first attested in a 1394 Scots text, [n 1] a variant of Old English peni, a development of numerous variations including pennig, penning, and pending. [n 2] The etymology of the term "penny" is uncertain, although cognates are common across almost all Germanic languages [n 3] and suggest a base *pan-, *pann-, or *pand-with the individualizing suffix -ing.
History of the English penny (1154-1485) (The Plantagenets, 1154–1485) History of the English penny (1485-1603) (The Tudors, 1485–1603) History of the English penny (1603–1707) (The Stuarts and the Commonwealth) History of the British penny (1714-1901) (The Hanoverians) History of the British penny (1901-1970) (The twentieth century penny ...