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Irving Langmuir coined the phrase pathological science in a talk in 1953.. Pathological science, as defined by Langmuir, is a psychological process in which a scientist, originally conforming to the scientific method, unconsciously veers from that method, and begins a pathological process of wishful data interpretation (see the observer-expectancy effect and cognitive bias).
Pathology is the study of disease. [1] The word pathology also refers to the study of disease in general, incorporating a wide range of biology research fields and medical practices.
Pathophysiology (or physiopathology) is a branch of study, at the intersection of pathology and physiology, concerning disordered physiological processes that cause, result from, or are otherwise associated with a disease or injury.
Pathological (mathematics), any mathematical phenomenon considered atypically bad or counterintuitive; Pathological science, a process by which the scientific process is distorted through wishful thinking or subjective bias; Phytopathology, the study of abnormalities in plants; Psychopathology, any illness of the mind
The pathological perspective can be directly integrated into an epidemiological approach in the interdisciplinary field of molecular pathological epidemiology. [6] Molecular pathological epidemiology can help to assess pathogenesis and causality by means of linking a potential risk factor to molecular pathologic signatures of a disease. [7]
Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) is generally recognized to be the father of microscopic pathology. While the compound microscope had been invented approximately 150 years prior, Virchow was one of the first prominent physicians to emphasize the study of manifestations of disease which were visible only at the cellular level.
Physiology (/ ˌ f ɪ z i ˈ ɒ l ə dʒ i /; from Ancient Greek φύσις (phúsis) 'nature, origin' and -λογία () 'study of') [1] is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system.
This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms.It is intended as introductory material for novices; for more specific and technical definitions from sub-disciplines and related fields, see Glossary of cell biology, Glossary of genetics, Glossary of evolutionary biology, Glossary of ecology ...