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S can be equipped with operations making it a ring such that the inclusion map S → R is a ring homomorphism. For example, the ring of integers is a subring of the field of real numbers and also a subring of the ring of polynomials [] (in both cases, contains 1, which is the multiplicative identity of the larger rings).
The factor ring of a maximal ideal is a simple ring in general and is a field for commutative rings. [12] Minimal ideal: A nonzero ideal is called minimal if it contains no other nonzero ideal. Zero ideal: the ideal {}. [13] Unit ideal: the whole ring (being the ideal generated by ). [9]
In a commutative ring with unity, every maximal ideal is a prime ideal. The converse is not always true: for example, in any nonfield integral domain the zero ideal is a prime ideal which is not maximal. Commutative rings in which prime ideals are maximal are known as zero-dimensional rings, where the dimension used is the Krull dimension.
Examples of limits and colimits in Ring include: The ring of integers Z is an initial object in Ring. The zero ring is a terminal object in Ring. The product in Ring is given by the direct product of rings. This is just the cartesian product of the underlying sets with addition and multiplication defined component-wise.
The complex conjugation C → C is a ring homomorphism (this is an example of a ring automorphism). For a ring R of prime characteristic p, R → R, x → x p is a ring endomorphism called the Frobenius endomorphism. If R and S are rings, the zero function from R to S is a ring homomorphism if and only if S is the zero ring (otherwise it fails ...
The structure of a noncommutative ring is more complicated than that of a commutative ring. For example, there exist simple rings that contain no non-trivial proper (two-sided) ideals, yet contain non-trivial proper left or right ideals. Various invariants exist for commutative rings, whereas invariants of noncommutative rings are difficult to ...