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This risk factor elevates the risk of contracting T-cell lymphoma. [2] Several infectious agents have been linked to a higher risk of T-cell lymphoma by providing a compromised immune function allowing the establishment of lymphomas. Of these, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV1) are considered established risks. [8]
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL or ATLL) is a rare cancer of the immune system's T-cells [1] [2] [3] caused by human T cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type 1 . [4] All ATL cells contain integrated HTLV-1 provirus further supporting that causal role of the virus in the cause of the neoplasm. [ 4 ]
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia characterized by an aggressive malignant neoplasm of the bone marrow. [6] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a condition, wherein immature white blood cells accumulate in the bone marrow and crowd out normal white blood cells. [7]
Indolent lymphoma, also known as low-grade lymphoma, is a group of slow-growing non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs). [3] Because they spread slowly, they tend to have fewer signs and symptoms when first diagnosed and may not require immediate treatment. Symptoms can include swollen but painless lymph nodes, unexplained fever, and unintended weight ...
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is one of the most common forms of blood cancer.1 The American Cancer Society estimates that about 81,560 people in the U.S. will be diagnosed with NHL and about ...
Estimates place the worldwide risk of cancers from infectious causes at 16.1%. [1] Viral infections are risk factors for cervical cancer, 80% of liver cancers, and 15–20% of the other cancers. [2] This proportion varies in different regions of the world from a high of 32.7% in Sub-Saharan Africa to 3.3% in Australia and New Zealand. [1]
The estimated lifetime risk of ATL among people with HTLV-1 infection is approximately 5%, while that of HAM/TSP is approximately 2%. [1] [2] [3] In 1977, Adult T-cell lymphoma (ATL) was first described in a case series of individuals from Japan. [4] The symptoms of ATL were different from other lymphomas known at the time.
The two major types of Hodgkin lymphoma are classic Hodgkin lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. [5] About half of cases of Hodgkin lymphoma are due to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and these are generally the classic form. [3] [11] Other risk factors include a family history of the condition and having HIV/AIDS.