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Robert Hoyland describes it as a poll tax originally paid by "the conquered people" to the mostly-Arab conquerors, but it later became a "religious tax, payable only by non-Muslims". [ 179 ] Jews and Christians in some southern and eastern areas of the Arabian Peninsula began to pay tribute, called jizya , to the Islamic state during Muhammad's ...
Ushr and Jizya would grant non-Muslims a privilege in war time, i.e. non-Muslims could not be obliged to join in military activities, in case, there was a war. By paying taxes, non-Muslims were protected by the Islamic law from any harm (dhimmi- the protected one), as opposed to, Muslims had to pay Zakah as well as were obliged to join in ...
Non-Muslim members have equal political and cultural rights as Muslims. They will have autonomy and freedom of religion. [140] Non-Muslims will take up arms against the enemy of the Ummah and share the cost of war. There is to be no treachery between the two. [141] Non-Muslims will not be obliged to take part in religious wars of the Muslims. [142]
Poll taxes are regressive, meaning the higher someone's income is, the lower the tax is as a proportion of income: for example, a $100 tax on an income of $10,000 is a 1% tax rate, while $100 tax on a $500 income is 20%. Its acceptance or "neutrality" depends on the balance between the tax demanded and the resources of the population.
Poll tax, also called a head tax, is a fixed tax that must be paid by each person. Fiscus Judaicus, was a tax that Jews were required to pay in the Roman Empire; Jizya is a tax paid by non-Muslims in a Muslim state. Compare to Zakat. Leibzoll was tax that Jews were required to pay in Medieval Europe. Temple tax was a Roman tax used to pay for ...
Muslim landowners, on the other hand, paid ushr, a religious tithe on land, which carried a lower rate of taxation, [2] and zakat. Ushr was a reciprocal 10% levy on agricultural land as well as merchandise imported from states that taxed Muslims on their products. Changes soon eroded the established tax base of the early Arab Caliphates.
Other forms of taxation on Muslims or non-Muslims, that have been used in Islamic history, include kharaj (land tax), [95] khums (tax on booty and loot seized from non-Muslims, sudden wealth), [96] ushur (tax at state border, sea port, and each city border on goods movement, customs), [97] kari (house tax) [98] and chari (sometimes called maara ...
The rate of jizya is determined by the income of the person, and it also serves as a protection contract involving harsh restrictions on non-Muslims. This tax has a historical foundation in the Quran and the original caliphate as a way to bring non-Muslims under the control of the spreading Empire. [31]