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A lung nodule or pulmonary nodule is a relatively small focal density in the lung. A solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) or coin lesion, [1] is a mass in the lung smaller than three centimeters in diameter. A pulmonary micronodule has a diameter of less than three millimetres. [2] There may also be multiple nodules.
Pulmonary laceration is a common result of penetrating trauma but may also be caused by blunt trauma; broken ribs may perforate the lung, or the tissue may be torn due to shearing forces [5] that result from different rates of acceleration or deceleration of different tissues of the lung. [6]
For lung nodules, air bronchograms used to be associated with infectious causes of consolidation and, therefore to be benign. However, in the setting of a lung nodule, an air bronchogram is actually more frequent in malignant than in benign nodules. [1] [4] studied the tumour-bronchus relationship and described five types: [1]
The evaluation of a skin nodule includes a description of its appearance, its location, how it feels to touch and any associated symptoms which may give clues to an underlying medical condition. [4] Often discovered unintentionally on a chest x-ray, a single nodule in the lung requires assessment to exclude cancer. [9]
A focal lung pneumatosis is an enclosed pocket of air or gas in the lung and includes blebs, bullae, pulmonary cysts, and lung cavities. Blebs and bullae can be classified by their wall thickness. [1] A bleb has a wall thickness of less than 1 mm. [2] By radiology definition, it is up to 1 cm in total size. [3]
The most frequent findings on a computed tomography (CT) of the chest are multiple primary nodules and/or masses, on a background of mosaic attenuation and airway wall thickening. [2] [9] The nodules have an indolent pattern of growth and are found throughout the lungs. The nodules are typically rounded and well-defined.
Pulmonary tuberculomas are among the most common benign nodules, with 5%-24% of all resected nodules being of tuberculous origin. [21] In areas of lower prevalence, such as the United States, they are most commonly seen in the setting of an acquired immunodeficiency . [ 23 ]
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