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A low-flush toilet (or low-flow toilet or high-efficiency toilet) is a flush toilet that uses significantly less water than traditional high-flow toilets. Before the early 1990s in the United States, standard flush toilets typically required at least 3.5 gallons (13.2 litres) per flush and they used float valves that often leaked, increasing their total water use.
In the U.S., every plumbing fixture must also be coupled to the system's vent piping. [1] Without a vent, negative pressure can slow the flow of water leaving the system, resulting in clogs, or cause siphonage to empty a trap. The high point of the vent system (the top of its "soil stack") must be open to the exterior at atmospheric pressure.
This system is suitable for locations plumbed with 12.7 or 9.5 mm (1 ⁄ 2 or 3 ⁄ 8 inch) water pipes which cannot supply water quickly enough to flush the toilet; the tank is needed to supply a large volume of water in a short time. The tank typically collects between 6 and 17 L (1.6 and 4.5 US gallons) of water over a period of time.
A dual flush toilet; note the two buttons at the top of the cistern. A dual flush toilet is a variation of the flush toilet that uses two buttons or a handle mechanism to flush different amounts of water. The purpose of this mechanism is to reduce the volume of water used to flush different types of waste.
Schematic of a vacuum sewer system A vacuum toilet at Lau Fau Shan Roundabout in Hong Kong A portable vacuum sewer system on the underside of a train carriage, serving the vacuum toilet and sink inside the train. A vacuum sewer or pneumatic sewer system is a method of transporting sewage from its source to a sewage treatment plant.
A flushometer is usually installed in a commercial setting with the exception of some older apartments in large cities, [2] as it provides a high-pressure and better-performing wash and flush than a normal gravity toilet.
Composting toilet; Sanitation facilities that are not considered as "improved" (also called "unimproved") are: Public or shared latrine (meaning a toilet that is used by more than one household) Flush/pour flush to elsewhere (not into a pit, septic tank, or sewer) Pit latrine without slab; Bucket latrines; Hanging toilet / latrine
The visible water surface in a toilet is the top of the trap's water seal. Each fixture drain, with exceptions, must be vented so that negative air pressure in the drain cannot siphon the trap dry, to prevent positive air pressure in the sewer from forcing gases past the water seal, and to prevent explosive sewer gas buildup.