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Young plants and seeds are poisonous, causing nausea, muscle twitches, paralysis, and often death. [citation needed] Dicentra cucullaria: bleeding heart, Dutchman's breeches Papaveraceae: All parts of the plant contain neurotoxic alkaloids such as isoquinoline and cucullarine, which are known to be poisonous to cats, cattle, and humans. [107]
Atropa bella-donna flower. Atropa bella-donna is a branching herbaceous perennial rhizomatous hemicryptophyte, often growing as a subshrub from a fleshy rootstock. Plants can reach a height of 2 m (7 ft) (more commonly 1.5 m (5 ft)), and have ovate leaves up to 18 cm (7 in) long.
These butterflies also obtain alkaloids from sap emerging from withering stems and terminal branches. [10] Among pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants, Crotalaria species cause the greatest range of tissue damage to most domesticated species, causing lung lesions in cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and pigs, and liver damage in most livestock. [1]
The plant’s flowers are attractive for butterflies, bees and other insects, which pollinate them when gathering pollen and nectar. Seeds are edible for birds, who also like to make their nests in the branches of these trees. Woodpeckers in particular often use withered segments for this purpose.
The only known technique of prevention is to avoid ingesting the poisonous alkaloids. Some methods of control have been defoliation in areas in both Oregon and California. Also mass relocation efforts of moths, flea beetles and seed flies have been made in hopes that they will eat the toxic plants and help control the population of the plants.
The adult butterflies use nectar from many flowers, including Lantana plants. The Passiflora host plants are frequently called passion vines; in some Texan counties where this butterfly's population is high, gulf fritillaries will feed on specific species such as Passiflora lutea and Passiflora affinis. These passion vine plants are suitable ...
Heliotropium / ˌ h iː l i ə ˈ t r oʊ p i əm,-l i oʊ-/ [3] is a genus of flowering plants traditionally included in the family Boraginaceae s.l., but placed in the family Heliotropiaceae within the Boraginales order, by the Boraginales Working Group.. [4]
The plant is generally considered non-toxic to humans, but the berries are considered toxic to cats and grazing animals. [11] Excessive consumption of the berries will kill birds such as cedar waxwings , [ 12 ] because they are subject to cyanide toxicosis, resulting in death to multiple individuals at one time.