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A proximity sensor (often simply prox) is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation ( infrared , for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal .
Hall sensors are used for proximity sensing, positioning, speed detection, and current sensing applications [1] and are common in industrial and consumer applications. Hundreds of millions of Hall sensor integrated circuits (ICs) are sold each year [2] by about 50 manufacturers, with the global market around a billion dollars. [3]
A VR sensor used as a simple proximity sensor can determine the position of a mechanical link in a piece of industrial equipment. A crankshaft position sensor (in an automobile engine) is used to provide the angular position of the crankshaft to the engine control unit. The engine control unit can then calculate engine speed (angular velocity).
Remote photoelectric sensors used for remote sensing contain only the optical components of a sensor. The circuitry for power input, amplification, and output switching is located elsewhere, typically in a control panel. This allows the sensor, itself, to be very small. Also, the controls for the sensor are more accessible, since they may be ...
For NPN open collector outputs, the emitter of the NPN transistor is internally connected to ground, [1] so the NPN open collector internally forms either a short-circuit (technically low impedance or "low-Z") connection to the low voltage (which could be ground) when the transistor is switched on, or an open-circuit (technically high impedance ...
Since the output of an inductive sensor has two possible states, an inductive sensor is sometimes referred to as an inductive proximity switch. [2] [3] The sensor consists of an induction loop or detector coil. Most often this is physically a number of turns of insulated magnet wire wound around a high magnetic permeability core, such as a ...
Most analysis methods calculate the voltage and current values for static networks, which are circuits consisting of memoryless components only but have difficulties with complex dynamic networks. In general, the equations that describe the behaviour of a dynamic circuit are in the form of a differential-algebraic system of equations (DAEs).
B < 1 is the feedback transfer function. Circuits with hysteresis are based on positive feedback. Any active circuit can be made to behave as a Schmitt trigger by applying positive feedback so that the loop gain is more than one. The positive feedback is introduced by adding a part of the output voltage to the input voltage.