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A potentially adverse effect of progressive tax schedules is that they may reduce the incentives for educational attainment. [15] [41] [46] By reducing the after-tax income of highly educated workers, progressive taxes can reduce the incentives for citizens to attain education, thereby lowering the overall level of human capital in an economy.
When simply comparing Market Income to After Tax Income, due to Government Transfers the Net Federal Tax burden of the median taxpayer has declined from 13.94% in 1979 to -8.76% in 2010 - this metric became negative for the first time in 2008. The CBO report in 2013 shows the share of federal taxes paid by taxpayers of various income levels.
They do not discourage people from working or investing, unlike progressive income taxes. [35] Balancing other taxes: Regressive taxes can help balance the tax system, since some parts of it are highly progressive (for example income tax). Thus introducing regressive taxes can help reduce the overall progressivity of the tax system.
The idea behind a progressive income tax is that people who earn more should pay more.
An economic definition, by Atkinson, states that "...direct taxes may be adjusted to the individual characteristics of the taxpayer, whereas indirect taxes are levied on transactions irrespective of the circumstances of buyer or seller." [30] According to this definition, for example, income tax is "direct", and sales tax is "indirect".
The Congressional Budget Office reported that less progressive tax and transfer policies contributed to an increase in after-tax income inequality between 1979 and 2007. [71] Sales taxes and payroll taxes are examples of regressive taxes that tend to have a greater impact on low-income households compared to high-income households.
The personal income tax in developing countries commonly have some rate of progressivity, meaning grouping individuals into various groups based on their income and then imposing different rates of the personal income tax on each group. The limitations which often make this kind of tax ineffective in developing countries are several various ...
Income tax is a key source of government funding. The Income Tax Department is the central government's largest revenue generator; total tax revenue increased from ₹ 1,392.26 billion (US$16 billion) in 1997–98 to ₹ 5,889.09 billion (US$68 billion) in 2007–08.