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Antiarrhythmic agents, also known as cardiac dysrhythmia medications, are a class of drugs that are used to suppress abnormally fast rhythms (tachycardias), such as atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia.
Metoprolol, sold under the brand name Lopressor among others, is a medication used to treat angina, high blood pressure and a number of conditions involving an abnormally fast heart rate. [4] It is also used to prevent further heart problems after myocardial infarction and to prevent headaches in those with migraines . [ 4 ]
The mixed alpha-and beta blocker labetalol is especially useful for treatment of concomitant tachycardia and hypertension induced by methamphetamine. [51] The phenomenon of "unopposed alpha stimulation" has not been reported with the use of beta blockers for treatment of methamphetamine toxicity. [51]
During long-term use, labetalol can reduce heart rate during exercise while maintaining cardiac output by an increase in stroke volume. [24] Labetalol possesses significant intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA). [2] [22] In particular, it is a partial agonist at β 2-adrenergic receptors located in the vascular smooth muscle.
Tachycardia secondary to peripheral vasodilation and cardiac stimulation (Such tachycardia may be accompanied by palpitations.) [4] Tremor, excessive sweating, anxiety, insomnia, and agitation [5] More severe effects include paradoxical bronchospasm, hypokalemia, and in rare cases a myocardial infarction. [4]
Another treatment for hypertension is using drugs that have both α 1 blocking activity, as well as nonselective β activity, such as Labetalol or carvedilol. [19] In low doses, labetalol and carvedilol can decrease the peripheral resistance and block the effects of isoprenaline to reduce hypertensive symptoms. [19]
Nicardipine, Nifedipine, and Isradipine are calcium channel blockers that work to decrease systemic vascular resistance and subsequently lower blood pressure. Hydralazine and Sodium nitroprusside are systemic vasodilators, thereby reducing afterload, however can be found to have reflex tachycardia, making them likely second or third line choices.
Landiolol, sold under the brand name Onoact among others, is a medication used for the treatment of tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and atrial flutter. [1] [4] It is a beta-adrenergic blocker; [4] an ultra short-acting, β1-superselective intravenous adrenergic antagonist, which decreases the heart rate effectively with less negative effect on blood pressure or myocardial contractility.