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Spacetime topology is the topological structure of spacetime, a topic studied primarily in general relativity.This physical theory models gravitation as the curvature of a four dimensional Lorentzian manifold (a spacetime) and the concepts of topology thus become important in analysing local as well as global aspects of spacetime.
In 2014, Hari Kunduri and James Lucietti proved the existence of a black hole with Lens space topology of the L(2, 1) type in five dimensions, [2] this was next extended to all L(p, 1) with positive integers p by Shinya Tomizawa and Masato Nozawa in 2016 [3] and finally in a preprint to all L(p, q) and any dimension by Marcus Khuri and Jordan ...
The structures are listed based on their longest dimension. This list refers only to coupling of matter with defined limits, and not the coupling of matter in general (such as, for example, the cosmic microwave background, which fills the entire universe). All structures in this list are defined as to whether their presiding limits have been ...
This is done in "3+1" formulations, where spacetime is split into three space dimensions and one time dimension. The best-known example is the ADM formalism . [ 174 ] These decompositions show that the spacetime evolution equations of general relativity are well-behaved: solutions always exist , and are uniquely defined, once suitable initial ...
He considered 12-dimensional supergravity in Supergravity, p-brane duality and hidden space and time dimensions. It was widely, but not universally, thought that two-time theories may have problems. For example, there could be causality problems (disconnect between cause and effect) and unitarity problems (negative probability, ghosts).
The cosmological evolution of the void regions differs drastically from the evolution of the universe as a whole: there is a long stage when the curvature term dominates, which prevents the formation of galaxy clusters and massive galaxies. Hence, although even the emptiest regions of voids contain more than ~15% of the average matter density ...
Multiple independent timeframes, in which time passes at different rates, have long been a feature of stories. [15] Fantasy writers such as J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis have made use of these and other multiple time dimensions, such as those proposed by Dunne, in some of their most well-known stories. [15]
Pietronero argues that the universe shows a definite fractal aspect over a fairly wide range of scale, with a fractal dimension of about 2. [3] The fractal dimension of a homogeneous 3D object would be 3, and 2 for a homogeneous surface, whilst the fractal dimension for a fractal surface is between 2 and 3.