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  2. Muscle architecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_architecture

    The longitudinal axis is the force generating axis of the muscle and pennate fibers lie at an oblique angle. As tension increases in the muscle fibers, the pennation angle also increases. A greater pennation angle results in a smaller force being transmitted to the tendon. [9] Muscle architecture affects the force-velocity relationship.

  3. Architectural gear ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_gear_ratio

    As the pennate muscle is activated, the fibers rotate as they shorten and pull at an angle. In pennate muscles, fibers are oriented at an angle to the muscle's line of action and rotate as they shorten, becoming more oblique such that the fraction of force directed along the muscle's line of action decreases throughout a contraction. Force ...

  4. Anatomical terms of muscle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle

    These consist of an extensor muscle, which "opens" the joint (by increasing the angle between the two bones) and a flexor muscle, which does the opposite by decreasing the angle between two bones. However, muscles do not always work this way; sometimes agonists and antagonists contract at the same time to produce force, as per Lombard's paradox ...

  5. Muscular system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_system

    The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. [1] The muscular systems in vertebrates are controlled through the nervous system although some muscles (such as the cardiac muscle) can be

  6. Pennate muscle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennate_muscle

    Each muscle is composed of a number of fascicles grouped together by a sleeve of connective tissue, known as an epimysium. In a pennate muscle, aponeuroses run along each side of the muscle and attach to the tendon. The fascicles attach to the aponeuroses and form an angle (the pennation angle) to the load axis of the muscle.

  7. Physiological cross-sectional area - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_cross...

    The muscle cross-sectional area (blue line in figure 1, also known as anatomical cross-section area, or ACSA) does not accurately represent the number of muscle fibers in the muscle. A better estimate is provided by the total area of the cross-sections perpendicular to the muscle fibers (green lines in figure 1).

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  9. Isometric exercise - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometric_exercise

    An isometric exercise is an exercise involving the static contraction of a muscle without any visible movement in the angle of the joint. The term "isometric" combines the Greek words isos (equal) and -metria (measuring), meaning that in these exercises the length of the muscle and the angle of the joint do not change, though contraction ...