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Additionally, nicotine can cause constriction of the blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the eyes and making them more vulnerable to damage and disease. [30] It is recommended that smokers exhibiting signs and symptoms of retinopathy engage in smoking cessation to improve their quality of life.
There are many diseases known to cause ocular or visual changes. Diabetes , for example, is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in those aged 20–74, with ocular manifestations such as diabetic retinopathy and macular edema affecting up to 80% of those who have had the disease for 15 years or more.
In particular, quinoline-type drugs are known to be ototoxic. Examples include chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine which are quinine-like. Apart from antimalarial effects, these drugs are also used in the treatment of other diseases such as dermatological, immunological, rheumatological, and severe infectious diseases. [25]
Age-Related Macular Degeneration is a degenerative maculopathy associated with progressive sight loss. It is characterised by changes in pigmentation in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium, the appearance of drusen on the retina of the eye and choroidal neovascularization. AMD has two forms; 'dry' or atrophic/non-exudative AMD, and 'wet' or ...
Diabetes is the most common cause of retinopathy in the U.S. as of 2008. [4] Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in working-aged people. [5] It accounts for about 5% of blindness worldwide and is designated a priority eye disease by the World Health Organization. [6]
Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD or ARMD), is a medical condition which may result in blurred or no vision in the center of the visual field. [1] Early on there are often no symptoms. [1] Over time, however, some people experience a gradual worsening of vision that may affect one or both eyes. [1]
Macular edema [11] and surgical re-attachment for macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment [4] can also cause an increased separation of macular photoreceptor cells resulting in dysmetropsia. Retinoschisis is another eye disease that has been shown to cause aniseikonia.
Rarely, amiodarone, interferon-alpha, and erectile dysfunction drugs have been associated with this disease. Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy is a syndrome of sudden visual loss with optic neuropathy without initial disc swelling with subsequent development of optic atrophy.