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Sumerian cuneiform, ca. 26th century BCE. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL) is an online digital library of texts and translations of Sumerian literature that was created by a now-completed project based at the Oriental Institute of the University of Oxford. [1]
Sumerian literature constitutes the earliest known corpus of recorded literature, including the religious writings and other traditional stories maintained by the Sumerian civilization and largely preserved by the later Akkadian and Babylonian empires.
The Sumerian King List (abbreviated SKL) or Chronicle of the One Monarchy is an ancient literary composition written in Sumerian that was likely created and redacted to legitimize the claims to power of various city-states and kingdoms in southern Mesopotamia during the late third and early second millennium BC.
Sumerian was the last and most ancient language to be deciphered. Sale of a number of fields, probably from Isin, c. 2600 BC. The first known Sumerian-Akkadian bilingual tablet dates from the reign of Rimush. Louvre Museum AO 5477. The top column is in Sumerian, the bottom column is its translation in Akkadian. [44] [45]
The first recension of the code (Ni 3191), an Old Babylonian period copy in two fragments found at Nippur, in what is now Iraq, was translated by Samuel Noah Kramer in 1952. [2] These fragments are held at the Istanbul Archaeology Museums. Owing to its partial preservation, only the long prologue and five of the laws were discernible. [3]
Sumerian texts vary in the degree to which they use logograms or opt for syllabic (phonetic) spellings instead: e.g. the word π» gΜar "put" may also be written phonetically as π·π gΜa 2-ar. They also vary in the degree to which allomorphic variation was expressed, e.g. πππ ba-gi 4-eš or πππ ba-gi 4-iš for "they ...
Its texts were stereotyped and concrete, such as lists of items. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] Already in 1928 with the first publication of texts, a numerical sign list had been developed, based on similarity to the signs of Fara , the earliest cuneiform texts which were the immediate successors of Proto-cuneiform.
This tablet lists sixty-two Sumerian literary compositions in all (fifty-five of which have been identified and translated. [1]), organized into six groups of about ten entries each. The first group of ten compositions comprises the Decad.