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The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...
This is a list of dictionaries considered authoritative or complete by approximate number of total words, or headwords, included. number of words in a language. [1] [2] In compiling a dictionary, a lexicographer decides whether the evidence of use is sufficient to justify an entry in the dictionary. This decision is not the same as determining ...
The number of non-English web pages is rapidly expanding. The use of English online increased by around 281 percent from 2001 to 2011, a lower rate of growth than that of Spanish (743 percent), Chinese (1,277 percent), Russian (1,826 percent) or Arabic (2,501 percent) over the same period.
This is a list of languages by number of native speakers. Current distribution of human language families All such rankings of human languages ranked by their number of native speakers should be used with caution, because it is not possible to devise a coherent set of linguistic criteria for distinguishing languages in a dialect continuum . [ 1 ]
In the case of English-French lexical similarity, at least two other studies [7] [8] estimate the number of English words directly inherited from French at 28.3% and 41% respectively, with respectively 28.24% and 15% of other English words derived from Latin, putting English-French lexical similarity at around 0.56, with reciprocally lower ...
Zipf's law had been discovered before Zipf, [a] first by the French stenographer Jean-Baptiste Estoup in 1916, [8] [7] and also by G. Dewey in 1923, [9] and by E. Condon in 1928. [10] The same relation for frequencies of words in natural language texts was observed by George Zipf in 1932, [4] but he never claimed to have originated it. In fact ...
A computerized survey of about 80,000 words in the third edition of the Shorter Oxford Dictionary, published by Finkenstaedt and Wolff in 1973 estimated the origin of English words to be as follows: [8] [9] French: 28.30%; Latin, including modern scientific and technical Latin: 28.24%;
In the bilingual zone, Spanish is the language spoken at home as a preferred form by 54.5% of the population, while Valencian is preferred by 36.4% and 6.2% use both languages, according to a study performed in 2003 by the Valencian government. [8] Spanish is predominant in the metropolitan area of Valencia, the metropolitan area of Alicante ...