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A method analogous to piece-wise linear approximation but using only arithmetic instead of algebraic equations, uses the multiplication tables in reverse: the square root of a number between 1 and 100 is between 1 and 10, so if we know 25 is a perfect square (5 × 5), and 36 is a perfect square (6 × 6), then the square root of a number greater than or equal to 25 but less than 36, begins with ...
((x),(y) = {239, 13 2} is a solution to the Pell equation x 2 − 2 y 2 = −1.) Formulae of this kind are known as Machin-like formulae. Machin's particular formula was used well into the computer era for calculating record numbers of digits of π, [39] but more recently other similar formulae have been used as well.
If we don't allow √ 2 then we can increase the number on the right hand side of the inequality from 2 √ 2 to √ 221 /5. Repeating this process we get an infinite sequence of numbers √ 5, 2 √ 2, √ 221 /5, ... which converge to 3. These numbers are called the Lagrange numbers, and are named after Joseph Louis Lagrange.
Rational numbers have irrationality exponent 1, while (as a consequence of Dirichlet's approximation theorem) every irrational number has irrationality exponent at least 2. On the other hand, an application of Borel-Cantelli lemma shows that almost all numbers, including all algebraic numbers, have an irrationality exponent equal to 2. [3]: 246
In mathematics, a quadratic irrational number (also known as a quadratic irrational or quadratic surd) is an irrational number that is the solution to some quadratic equation with rational coefficients which is irreducible over the rational numbers. [1] Since fractions in the coefficients of a quadratic equation can be cleared by multiplying ...
Technically, it should be called the principal square root of 2, to distinguish it from the negative number with the same property. Geometrically, the square root of 2 is the length of a diagonal across a square with sides of one unit of length; this follows from the Pythagorean theorem. It was probably the first number known to be irrational. [1]