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Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is a sewage treatment configuration applied to activated sludge systems for the removal of phosphate. [ 1 ] The common element in EBPR implementations is the presence of an anaerobic tank ( nitrate and oxygen are absent) prior to the aeration tank.
Maintaining optimal pH is important for the removal of phosphorus from water. Phosphorus is most effectively removed at the neutral pH range, when the insoluble aluminum hydroxide is present. This hydroxide functions as a Lewis acid, [5] creating a flocculation environment similar to conventional wastewater treatment.
This process is very similar to phytoextraction in that it removes contaminants by trapping them into harvestable plant biomass. Both phytoextraction and rhizofiltration follow the same basic path to remediation. First, plants that have stable root systems are put in contact with the contamination to get acclimated to the toxins.
The most studied example of this phenomenon is in polyphosphate-accumulating bacteria (PAB) found in a type of wastewater processing known as enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR), however phosphate hyperaccumulation has been found to occur in other conditions such as soil and marine environments, as well as in non-bacterial organisms ...
Sewage treatment plants that have an enhanced biological phosphorus removal step produce a sewage sludge that is rich in phosphorus. Various processes have been developed to extract phosphorus from sewage sludge directly, from the ash after incineration of the sewage sludge or from other products of sewage sludge treatment.
There must be phosphorus in the soil, but the plant must also absorb the phosphorus. Phosphorus uptake is limited by the chemical form of the phosphorus. A large portion of phosphorus in soil is in chemical compounds that plants can't absorb. [9] Phosphorus must be present in soil in specific chemical arrangements to be usable as plant nutrients.
is derived from phosphoric acid by the removal of three protons H +. Removal of one proton gives the dihydrogen phosphate ion [H 2 PO 4] − while removal of two protons gives the hydrogen phosphate ion [HPO 4] 2−. These names are also used for salts of those anions, such as ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and trisodium phosphate.
The Nitrophosphate Process. Step 1. Nitrophosphates are made by acidiculating phosphate rock with nitric acid. Nitric acid + Phosphate rock → Phosphoric acid + Calcium sulphate + hexafluorosilicic acid. Ca 5 F(PO 4) 3 + 10 HNO 3 →6 H 3 PO 4 + 5 Ca(NO 3) 2 + HF; 6 HF + SiO 2 →H 2 SiF 6 + 2 H 2 O; Step 2. Removal of Calcium Nitrate.