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Urobilinogen: 0.2 [2] 1.0 [2] Ehrlich units or mg/dL Free catecholamines, dopamine: 90 [3] 420 [3] μg/d Red blood cells (RBCs) 0 [4] [2] 2 [2] - 3 [4] per High Power Field (HPF) RBC casts: n/a 0 / negative [2] White blood cells (WBCs) 0 [2] 2 [2] pH: 5 [2] 7 [2] (unitless) Protein: 0: trace amounts [2] Glucose: n/a: 0 / negative [2] Ketones: n ...
In biliary obstruction, below-normal amounts of conjugated bilirubin reach the intestine for conversion to urobilinogen. With limited urobilinogen available for reabsorption and excretion, the amount of urobilin found in the urine is low. High amounts of the soluble conjugated bilirubin enter the circulation where they are excreted via the kidneys.
The normal number of red blood cells in urine should not usually exceed 3 per high power field. [13] A urine test strip showing positive for blood can also indicate hemoglobinuria, which is not detectable using a microscope due to the lysis of red blood cells in the urinary tract (particularly in alkaline or dilute urine), or intravascular ...
It is not possible for the kidneys to produce urine with a specific gravity greater than 1.040 [40] but such readings can occur in urine that contains high-molecular weight substances, such as contrast dyes used in radiographic imaging. [38] Specific gravity is commonly measured with urine test strips, but refractometers may also be used. [41]
The signs and symptoms of abnormal urine color are shown as follows: Unexplained urine color other than straw-yellow has continued for a long time. [1] Once observe blood in urine. [1] Clear, dark-brown urine. [1] Risk factors of clinical abnormal urine color include elderly age, strenuous exercise, and family history of related diagnosis. [2]
Contemporary urine testing uses a range of methods to investigate the physical and biochemical properties of the urine. For instance, the results of the routine urinalysis can provide information about the functioning of the kidneys and urinary system; suggest the presence of a urinary tract infection (UTI); and screen for possible diabetes or ...
Adults generally have a specific gravity in the range of 1.010 to 1.030. Increases in specific gravity (hypersthenuria, i.e. increased concentration of solutes in the urine) may be associated with dehydration, diarrhea, emesis, excessive sweating, urinary tract/bladder infection, glucosuria, renal artery stenosis, hepatorenal syndrome, decreased blood flow to the kidney (especially as a result ...
Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the ...