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The choice of stock analysis is determined by the investor's belief in the different paradigms for "how the stock market works". For explanations of these paradigms, see the discussions at efficient-market hypothesis , random walk hypothesis , capital asset pricing model , Fed model , market-based valuation , and behavioral finance .
Conversely, psychology defines bottom-up processing as an approach in which there is a progression from the individual elements to the whole. According to Ramskov, one proponent of bottom-up approach, Gibson, claims that it is a process that includes visual perception that needs information available from proximal stimulus produced by the ...
This is sometimes referred to as "bottom-up" processing, as it is the properties of the stimuli which affect selection. Since things that affect pre-attentive processing do not necessarily correlate with things that affect attention, stimulus salience may be more important than conscious goals.
Bottom-up may refer to: Bottom-up analysis, a fundamental analysis technique in accounting and finance; Bottom-up parsing, a computer science strategy; Bottom-up processing, in Pattern recognition (psychology) Bottom-up theories of galaxy formation and evolution; Bottom-up tree automaton, in data structures; Bottom-up integration testing, in ...
Biased competition theory advocates the idea that each object in the visual field competes for cortical representation and cognitive processing. [1] This theory suggests that the process of visual processing can be biased by other mental processes such as bottom-up and top-down systems which prioritize certain features of an object or whole items for attention and further processing.
Specifically, research on attentional capture has two modes: voluntary and reflexive. The voluntary mode is a top down approach where attention is shifted according to high-level cognitive processes. The reflexive mode is a bottom up approach where attention shifts involuntarily based on a stimulus's attention attracting properties. [40]
For example the Latin square 16 17 design allows the estimation of all main effects of a product that could have up to 16 17 (approximately 295 followed by eighteen zeros) configurations. Furthermore this could be achieved within a sample frame of only around 256 respondents. Below is an example of a much smaller design. This is 3 4 main ...
An example is where people predict the value of a stock market index on a particular day by defining an upper and lower bound so that they are 98% confident the true value will fall in that range. A reliable finding is that people anchor their upper and lower bounds too close to their best estimate. [14] This leads to an overconfidence effect ...