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The formation of syncytiotrophoblast from cytotrophoblast is a terminal differentiation step of trophoblastic cells. [2] Syncytialization of cytotrophoblastic cells can be induced in vitro through multiple signalling molecules including epidermal growth factor, glucocorticoids, and human chorionic gonadotropin. [3] [4] [5]
This core is surrounded by two layers of trophoblasts, the cytotrophoblast and the syncytiotrophoblast. The cytotrophoblast is a layer of mono-nucleated cells that resides underneath the syncytiotrophoblast. [6] The syncytiotrophoblast is composed of fused cytotrophoblasts which then form a layer that covers the placental surface. [6]
Image showing trophoblast differentiated into the two layers of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast during implantation. It is the outer layer of the trophoblasts and actively invades the uterine wall, during implantation, rupturing maternal capillaries and thus establishing an interface between maternal blood and embryonic extracellular fluid, facilitating passive exchange of material ...
Extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs), are one form of differentiated trophoblast cells of the placenta.They are invasive mesenchymal cells which function to establish critical tissue connection in the developing placental-uterine interface.
The morula then develops by cavitation to become the blastocyst, or in many other animals the blastula. Cell differentiation then further commits the morula's cells into two types: trophectoderm cells that surround the lumen and the inner mass of cells (the embryoblast). The inner cell mass is at the origin of embryonic stem cells. [15]
The chorion consists of two layers: an outer formed by the trophoblast, and an inner formed by the extra-embryonic mesoderm. The trophoblast is made up of an internal layer of cubical or prismatic cells, the cytotrophoblast or layer of Langhans, and an external multinucleated layer, the syncytiotrophoblast.
A cytotrophoblast cap penetrates through the fetus' syncytiotrophoblasts and reaches the maternal decidua, forming the anchoring villus. [1] [3] [4] The cytotrophoblast layer spreads and contacts the cytotrophoblast layers of neighboring anchoring villi, creating a continuous layer called the cytotrophoblastic shell.
Fluid collects between the epiblast and the hypoblast, which splits the epiblast into two portions. The layer at the embryonic pole grows around the amniotic sac, creating a barrier from the cytotrophoblast. This becomes known as the amnion, which is one of the four fetal membranes and the cells it comprises are referred to as amnioblasts. [6]