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Holloman and Jaffe determined the value of C experimentally by plotting hardness versus tempering time for a series of tempering temperatures of interest and interpolating the data to obtain the time necessary to yield a number of different hardness values. This work was based on six different heats of plain carbon steels with carbon contents ...
Tempering is a process of heat treating, which is used to increase the toughness of iron-based alloys. Tempering is usually performed after hardening, to reduce some of the excess hardness, and is done by heating the metal to some temperature below the critical point for a certain period of time, then allowing it to cool in still air. The exact ...
Differential tempering is obtained by quenching the sword uniformly, then tempering one part of it, such as the spine or the center portion of double edged blades. This is usually done with a torch or some other directed heat source. The heated portion of the metal is softened by this process, leaving the edge at the higher hardness. [4]
41xx steel is a family of SAE steel grades, as specified by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Alloying elements include chromium and molybdenum, and as a result these materials are often informally referred to as chromoly steel (common variant stylings include chrome-moly, cro-moly, CrMo, CRMO, CR-MOLY, and similar).
As with conventional quench and tempering the material being heat treated must be cooled from the austenitizing temperature quickly enough to avoid the formation of pearlite. The specific cooling rate that is necessary to avoid the formation of pearlite is a product of the chemistry of the austenite phase and thus the alloy being processed.
4140/4142: 41CrMo4 42CrMo4 42CrMoS4 43CrMo4: 708M40 708A42 709M40 En19 En19C: 41CrMo4 38CrMo4 (KB) G40 CrMo4 42CrMo4: SCM 440 SCM 440H SNB 7 SCM 4M SCM 4 1.6582 1.6562: 34CrNiMo6: 4340: 34CrNiMo6 40NiCrMo8-4: 817M40 En24: 35NiCrMo6 (KB) 40NiCrMo7 (KB) SNCM 447 SNB24-1-5 1.6543 1.6523: 20NiCrMo2-2: 8620: 21NiCrMo22 21NiCrMo2: 805A20 805M20 ...
4140 [definition needed] 6150, a chromium-vanadium alloy. Similar to 4140, 6150 is a tough steel with high impact resistance. It can be hardened to the mid-50s on the HRC scale. [citation needed] While a common material for swords or hatchets, it is less than ideal for most knives because of its limited attainable hardness.
The final result of exactly how hard the steel becomes depends on the amount of carbon present in the metal. Only steel that is high in carbon can be hardened and tempered. If a metal does not contain the necessary quantity of carbon, then its crystalline structure cannot be broken, and therefore the physical makeup of the steel cannot be altered.