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A water wheel in Erlangen, Germany The reversible water wheel powering a mine hoist in De re metallica (Georgius Agricola, 1566) The sound of the Otley waterwheel, at Manchester Museum of Science and Industry. A water wheel is a machine for converting the kinetic energy of flowing or falling water into useful forms of power, often in a watermill.
The norias discharge water into aqueducts built on tall stone arches. To catch the water, each aqueduct has a very short section parallel to the water wheel and the river. This joins at 90 degrees the main section of the aqueduct, which leads away from the river and was sometimes many hundreds of metres long. [12]
The undershot water wheel and overshot water wheel, both animal- and water-driven, and with either a compartmented body (Latin tympanum) or a compartmented rim, were used by Hellenistic engineers between the 3rd and 2nd century BC. [11] In 1st century BC, Roman architect Vitruvius described the function of the noria. [12]
The water wheel and watermill are the earliest instances of machines harnessing natural forces to replace human muscular labour (apart from the sail). [3] As such, it holds a special place in the history of technology and also in economic studies where it is associated with growth.
It is a large wheel fitted with boxes, which in the first design, encompass the whole diameter of the wheel. Holes are bored in the boxes to allow water into them, so that as a box dips into the water, it enters and is raised as the wheel turns. When it reaches to the top of the turn, the water runs out into a channel.
The estimated cost to build one water wheel is $1.9 million, and the city has yet to meet its goal. Donations from sponsors and partnerships total $1.34 million.
A larger water wheel is at Laxey on the Isle of Man and at Greenock, Scotland, the latter supplied by Shaw's Waterworks with water from an elevated reservoir. The Burden Wheel appears to have had more buckets. The Burden Water Wheel was sixty-two feet in diameter and twenty-two feet in breadth, was supplied by a small stream, the Wynantskill Creek.
A water wheel on the Los Angeles River at start of Zanja Madre, 1863. The Zanja Madre (Spanish: [ˈsaŋxa ˈmaðɾe], "Mother Trench") is the original aqueduct that brought water to the Pueblo de Los Angeles from the Río Porciúncula (Los Angeles River).