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Ultimately, because dairy production was already a management intensive industry the disadvantages are dwarfed by the advantages of the AI for many dairy producers. [20] The majority of cows carry a single calf. Pregnancy lasts an average of 280 to 285 days or a little less than 9 and one half months. [19]
Vaginal prolapse occurs when there is an increase in pressure in the abdominal cavity during the late stages of parturition. [2] It is more common than uterine prolapse and there is a genetic factor in the risk. It is quite common for a vaginal prolapse to occur in the same animal with each calving; uterine prolapse recurs less often.
In most cases the bovine vaginal prolapse occurs near the time of calving, [1] yet there are some examples of the vaginal prolapse in younger and non-pregnant animals. [2] Another, but less common [1] and more severe [3] reproductive prolapse in cattle is so-called bovine uterine prolapse, where a uterus is the one being abnormally positioned. [4]
Typical milk fever posture; cow in sternal recumbency with its head tucked into its flank. Milk fever , postparturient hypocalcemia , or parturient paresis is a disease, primarily in dairy cattle [ 1 ] but also seen in beef cattle and non-bovine domesticated animals , [ 2 ] characterized by reduced blood calcium levels ( hypocalcemia ).
In the early stages of the non-lactating period (between 12 and 24 hours) there is decrease of milk protein and cell survival genes, resulting in a loss of epithelial cells. [5] The change in intracellular processes and gene regulation causes a decrease in milk production until all milk production from mammary epithelial cells cease. [5]
Dairy cattle (also called dairy cows) are cattle bred with the ability to produce large quantities of milk, from which dairy products are made. Dairy cattle generally are of the species Bos taurus. [1] Historically, little distinction was made between dairy cattle and beef cattle, with the same stock often being used for both meat and milk ...
The breasts change during pregnancy to prepare for lactation, and more changes occur immediately after the birth. Progesterone is the hormone that influences the growth of breast tissue before the birth. Afterwards, the endocrine system shifts from producing hormones that prevent lactation to ones that trigger milk production. [3]
For dairy production under such circumstances, the calf's access to the cow must be limited, for example by penning the calf and bringing the mother to it once a day after partly milking her. The small amount of milk available for the calf under such systems may mean that it takes a longer time to rear, and in subsistence farming it is ...