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Keratoconus has been associated with atopic diseases, [36] which include asthma, allergies, and eczema, and it is not uncommon for several or all of these diseases to affect one person. Keratoconus is also associated with Alport syndrome, Down syndrome and Marfan syndrome. [36]
Keratoconus, a progressive, noninflammatory, bilateral, asymmetric disease, characterized by paraxial stromal thinning and weakening that leads to corneal surface distortion. [ 2 ] Keratoglobus , a rare noninflammatory corneal thinning disorder, characterised by generalised thinning and globular protrusion of the cornea.
Several diseases have been observed in people with PMD. However, no causal relationships have been established between any of the associated diseases and the pathogenesis of PMD. Such diseases include: chronic open angle glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, retinal lattice degeneration, scleroderma, [18] kerato-conjunctivitis, eczema, and ...
Corneal hydrops is an uncommon complication seen in people with advanced keratoconus or other corneal ectatic disorders, [1] and is characterized by stromal edema due to leakage of aqueous humor through a tear in Descemet's membrane. [2]
In rare cases, it may be a symptom of collagen vascular diseases, including relapsing polychondritis, rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. [13] [14] [18] [19] Sjögren syndrome and other autoimmune diseases are associated with aqueous tear deficiency.
keratoconus Fleischer rings are pigmented rings in the peripheral cornea , resulting from iron deposition [ 2 ] in basal epithelial cells, in the form of hemosiderin . [ 3 ] They are usually yellowish to dark-brown, and may be complete or broken. [ 4 ]
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Before corneal refractive surgery such as LASIK, SMILE, and PRK, people must be examined for possible risk factors such as keratoconus. [3]Abnormal corneal topography compromises of keratoconus, pellucid marginal degeneration, or forme fruste keratoconus with an I-S value of 1.4 or more [4] is the most significant risk factor.