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The Ziehl-Neelsen stain, also known as the acid-fast stain, is a bacteriological staining technique used in cytopathology and microbiology to identify acid-fast bacteria under microscopy, particularly members of the Mycobacterium genus.
Sometimes multiple samples may be taken if the source of an infection is not clear. [1] These samples are transferred to the microbiology laboratory where they are added to culture media, in or on which the bacteria grow until they are present in sufficient quantities for identification and sensitivity testing to be carried out. [35] [28]
Etest is a quantitative technique for determining the MIC of microoganisms. It is used for a range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria such as Pseudomonas, [2] [3] Staphylococcus, [4] and Enterococcus species, [5] as well as fastidious bacteria, such as Neisseria and Streptococcus pneumoniae. [1]
Identification is only possible with a microbiological culture.API test strips consist of wells containing dehydrated substrates such as the redox substrates, electrogenic substrates and luminogenic substrates to detect enzymatic activity, usually related to the fermentation of carbohydrate or catabolism of proteins or amino acids by the inoculated organisms.
In a clinical study conducted the sensitivity of the MTB/RIF test on just 1 sputum sample was 92.2% for culture-positive TB; 98.2% for smear+ and culture-positive cases; and 72.5% for smear-negative, culture-positive cases, with a specificity of 99.2%. Sensitivity and higher specificity were slightly higher when 3 samples were tested. [10]
The IMViC tests are a group of individual tests used in microbiology lab testing to identify an organism in the coliform group. A coliform is a gram negative, aerobic, or facultative anaerobic rod, which produces gas from lactose within 48 hours. The presence of some coliforms indicate fecal contamination.
The various species can be differentiated through the comparison of several characteristics, allowing their identification and classification. Examples include: Phylogeny : All bacteria stem from a common ancestor and diversified since, and consequently possess different levels of evolutionary relatedness (see Bacterial phyla and Timeline of ...
Gram staining is almost always the first step in the identification of a bacterial group. While Gram staining is a valuable diagnostic tool in both clinical and research settings, not all bacteria can be definitively classified by this technique. This gives rise to gram-variable and gram-indeterminate groups.