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Epileptogenesis is the gradual process by which a typical brain develops epilepsy. [1] Epilepsy is a chronic condition in which seizures occur. [ 2 ] These changes to the brain occasionally cause neurons to fire in an abnormal, hypersynchronous manner, known as a seizure .
The reason this occurs in most cases of epilepsy is unknown (cryptogenic); [1] some cases occur as the result of brain injury, stroke, brain tumors, infections of the brain, or birth defects through a process known as epileptogenesis. [1] [2] [3] Known genetic mutations are directly linked to a small proportion of cases.
Systemic infection with high fever is a common cause of seizures, especially in children. [3] [25] These are called febrile seizures and occur in 2–5% of children between the ages of six months and five years. [26] [25] Acute infection of the brain, such as encephalitis or meningitis are also causes of seizures. [3]
A seizure is a paroxysmal episode of symptoms or altered behavior arising from abnormal excessive or synchronous brain neuronal activity. [5] A focal onset seizure arises from a biological neural network within one cerebral hemisphere, while a generalized onset seizure arises from within the cerebral hemispheres rapidly involving both hemispheres.
There are many causes of seizures. Organ failure, medication and medication withdrawal, cancer, imbalance of electrolytes, hypertensive encephalopathy , may be some of its potential causes. [ 2 ] The factors that lead to a seizure are often complex and it may not be possible to determine what causes a particular seizure, what causes it to ...
[2] [1] The involvement of the anterior insula in ecstatic seizures was first elucidated in 2009, and ecstatic experiences were first artificially induced by stimulation of this brain area in 2013. [2] [1] [4] [5] [6] Some leading historical religious figures, such as Saint Paul the Apostle and Joan of Arc, have been suspected as having ...
[2] [note 1] Often, a specific cause is not clear. Numerous conditions can cause a convulsion. [6] Convulsions can be caused by specific chemicals in the blood, as well as infections like meningitis or encephalitis. Other possibilities include celiac disease, [7] head trauma, stroke, or lack of oxygen to the brain.
Animal models of epilepsy have helped to advance the understanding of how normal brains develop epilepsy (a process known as Epileptogenesis), and have been used in pre-clinical trials of antiepileptic drugs. [1] Epilepsy is a set of syndromes which have in common a predisposition to recurrent epileptic seizures. [2]