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The proton–proton chain, also commonly referred to as the p–p chain, is one of two known sets of nuclear fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium. It dominates in stars with masses less than or equal to that of the Sun , [ 2 ] whereas the CNO cycle , the other known reaction, is suggested by theoretical models to dominate ...
In this symbolic representing of a nuclear reaction, lithium-6 (6 3 Li) and deuterium (2 1 H) react to form the highly excited intermediate nucleus 8 4 Be which then decays immediately into two alpha particles of helium-4 (4 2 He). Protons are symbolically represented by red spheres, and neutrons by blue spheres.
Proton capture is a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus and one or more protons collide and merge to form a heavier nucleus. Since protons have positive electric charge, they are repelled electrostatically by the positively charged nucleus. Therefore, it is more difficult for protons to enter the nucleus compared to neutrally charged ...
Comparison between the Nuclear Force and the Coulomb Force. a – residual strong force (nuclear force), rapidly decreases to insignificance at distances beyond about 2.5 fm, b – at distances less than ~ 0.7 fm between nucleons centres the nuclear force becomes repulsive, c – coulomb repulsion force between two protons (over 3 fm, force becomes the main), d – equilibrium position for ...
The proton–proton chain reaction starts at temperatures about 4 × 10 6 K, [30] making it the dominant fusion mechanism in smaller stars. A self-maintaining CNO chain requires a higher temperature of approximately 1.6 × 10 7 K, but thereafter it increases more rapidly in efficiency as the temperature rises, than does the proton–proton ...
An animation of the strong interaction between a proton and a neutron, mediated by pions. The colored small double circles inside are gluons . In nuclear physics and particle physics , the strong interaction , also called the strong force or strong nuclear force , is a fundamental interaction that confines quarks into protons , neutrons , and ...
A Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is a chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons and protons from one atom to another. The term was originally coined for single proton, single electron processes that are concerted, [1] but the definition has relaxed to include many related processes.
Nucleosynthesis is the process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons (protons and neutrons) and nuclei. According to current theories, the first nuclei were formed a few minutes after the Big Bang, through nuclear reactions in a process called Big Bang nucleosynthesis. [1]