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Chlorine, sulfur and carbon (as coal) are cheapest by mass. Hydrogen , nitrogen , oxygen and chlorine are cheapest by volume at atmospheric pressure. When there is no public data on the element in its pure form, price of a compound is used, per mass of element contained.
The process has a high energy consumption, for example around 2,500 kWh (9,000 MJ) of electricity per tonne of sodium hydroxide produced. Because the process yields equivalent amounts of chlorine and sodium hydroxide (two moles of sodium hydroxide per mole of chlorine), it is necessary to find a use for these products in the same proportion.
Energy consumption per unit weight of product is not far below that for iron and steel manufacture [13] and greater than for the production of glass [14] or cement. [ 15 ] Since electricity is an indispensable raw material for the production of chlorine, the energy consumption corresponding to the electrochemical reaction cannot be reduced.
Chlorine is the second halogen, being a nonmetal in group 17 of the periodic table. Its properties are thus similar to fluorine, bromine, and iodine, and are largely intermediate between those of the first two. Chlorine has the electron configuration [Ne]3s 2 3p 5, with the seven electrons in the third and outermost shell acting as its valence ...
India Today is a weekly Indian English-language news magazine published by Living Media India Limited. [3] [4] It is the most widely circulated magazine in India, with a readership of close to 8 million. [5] In 2014, India Today launched a new online opinion-orientated site called the DailyO. [6]
Percent active chlorine values have now virtually replaced the older system of chlorometric degrees: 1% active chlorine is equivalent to 3.16 °Cl. Taking the (reasonable) assumption that all active chlorine present in a liquid bleach is in the form of hypochlorite ions, 1% active chlorine is equivalent to 0.141 mol/kg ClO − (0.141 mol/L if ...
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The World Chlorine Council (WCC) is an international network of national and regional trade associations representing the chlorine and chlorinated products industries in more than 27 countries. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Members include chloralkali process associations such as Euro Chlor , Japan Soda Industry Association , Alkali Manufacturers' Association of ...