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Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5, 1856 – November 14, 1915) was an American educator, author, and orator. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington was the primary leader in the African-American community and of the contemporary Black elite.
Jean-Baptiste Belley, an elected member of the National Convention and the Council of Five Hundred during the French First Republic, advocated for racial intellectual equality. In the 18th century, debates surrounding the institution of slavery in the Americas hinged on the question of whether innate differences in intellectual capacity existed ...
Lothrop Stoddard's analyses of the world's "primary races" White, Yellow, Black, Brown, and Amerindian, and their interactions The Rising Tide of Color: The Threat Against White World-Supremacy (1920), by Lothrop Stoddard, is a book about racialism and geopolitics, which describes the collapse of white supremacy and colonialism because of the population growth among people of color, rising ...
Grant promoted the idea of the "Nordic race", [19] a loosely defined biological-cultural grouping rooted in Scandinavia, as the key social group responsible for human development; thus the subtitle of the book was The racial basis of European history. As an avid eugenicist, Grant further advocated the separation, quarantine, and eventual ...
Some advocated that race 'should centre not on what race explains about society, but rather on the questions of who, why and with what effect social significance is attached to racial attributes that are constructed in particular political and socio-economic contexts', and thus, addressing the "folk" or "mythological representations" of race.
The movement advocated selective breeding, compulsory sterilization, and a close alignment of public health with eugenics. Racial hygiene was historically tied to traditional notions of public health, but with emphasis on heredity—what philosopher and historian Michel Foucault has called state racism.
His research interests included racial differences in relation to medicine and immunology. He earned a Guggenheim Fellowship for research in immunology in 1926. Lewis's research on race culminated in the 1942 publication of The Biology of the Negro , a lengthy text summarizing the scientific literature on the demographic, anatomical ...
Garveyism promoted the view that whites had no duty to help blacks achieve racial equality, maintaining the view that the latter needed to advance themselves on their initiative. [23] He advocated racial separatism, [ 24 ] but he did not believe in black supremacy . [ 25 ]